Which curve illustrates the distribution of income among different segments of the population?

The Lorenz curve is the correct choice because it is specifically designed to represent the distribution of income (or wealth) across segments of the population. It visually depicts the proportion of total income earned by cumulative percentages of the population, allowing one to compare inequality in income distribution. The curve starts at the origin and progresses towards the upper right corner, where perfect equality exists (a straight 45-degree line). The farther the Lorenz curve lies from this line of equality, the greater the level of income inequality.

The other options relate to economic concepts but do not serve the specific function of illustrating income distribution. The Laffer curve illustrates the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue, while the Gini coefficient quantifies income inequality numerically rather than graphically. Comparative advantage is a principle that explains how countries gain from trade by specializing in the production of goods for which they have a lower opportunity cost, and it does not pertain to income distribution at all.